沼气发电,沼气发电机组,沼气发电机组尾气排放_沼气发电机组污染物厂界排放及尾气排放执行什么标准

　　Biogas power generation, biogas generator set, biogas generator set exhaust emissions _ What standards are implemented for the discharge of pollutants at the factory boundary and exhaust emissions from biogas generator sets

　　目前污染物厂界排放标准指示主要是排放烟囱出口NOx浓度、SO2浓度和颗粒物浓度三个维度，如下表所示：

　　At present, the emission standards for pollutants at the factory boundary mainly indicate three dimensions: NOx concentration, SO2 concentration, and particulate matter concentration at the chimney outlet, as shown in the table below:

　　　各地环境影响评价和环保验收的排放指标主要是SO2和NOx各地执行的标准主要有以下几个：

　　The emission indicators for environmental impact assessment and environmental acceptance in various regions are mainly SO2 and NOx. The standards implemented in various regions mainly include the following:

　　①《锅炉大气污染排放标准》(GB13271-2001-2014)

　　① Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standards (GB13271-2001-2014)

　　②《大气污染物综合排放标准》(GB16297-1996)

　　② Comprehensive Emission Standards for Air Pollutants (GB16297-1996)

　　③《大功率沼气发电机组》(GB/T29488-2013)

　　③ High power biogas generator sets "(GB/T29488-2013)

　　④《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB13223-2011)

　　④ Emission Standards for Air Pollutants from Thermal Power Plants (GB13223-2011)

　　⑤《车用点燃式发动机及装用点燃式发动机汽车排放污染物排放限值及测量方法》(GB14762-2002)第二阶段与《车用压燃式、气体燃料点燃式发动机与汽车排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ阶段)》(GB17691-2005)

　　⑤ GB14762-2002 "Limits and Measurement Methods for Pollutant Emissions from Spark Ignition Engines and Vehicles Equipped with Spark Ignition Engines" (Stage II) and GB17691-2005 "Limits and Measurement Methods for Pollutant Emissions from Compression Ignition and Gas Fuel Ignition Engines and Vehicles (Stage III, IV, V in China)

　　一、关于《锅炉大气污染排放标准》(GB13271-2001-2014)

　　1、 Regarding the Emission Standards for Boiler Air Pollution (GB13271-2001-2014)

　　《锅炉大气污染排放标准》有GB13271-2001和GB13271-2014两个版本。2008年，环境保护部、发展改革委、能源局联合印发《关于进一步加强生物质电项目环境影响评价管理工作的通知》(<环发[2008]82号>)。其中针对“填埋气发电机沼气发电类项目”提到“单台出力65t/h及以下的发电锅炉。参照《锅炉大气污染排放标准》(GB13271-2001)中燃气锅炉大气污染最高允许排放浓度执行。”因此，部分沼气发电项目环境影响评价采用的是该文件提到的标准。准确说，“往复式内燃机式发电机组”不属于发电锅炉，因此执行《锅炉大气污染排放标准》比较牵强，与实际情况有悖。尤其是在《锅炉大气污染排放标准》(GB13271-2014)新标准发布之后，适用范围明确为：“新建锅炉自2014年7月1日起，10t/h以下在用蒸汽锅炉和7MW以上的热水锅炉，10t/h及以上在用蒸汽锅炉和7MW及以下的热水锅炉，分别自2015年10月1日与2016年7月1日起执行本标准，《锅炉大气污染排放标准》(GB13271-2001)自2016年7月1日废止”，更加表明“往复式内燃机式发电机组”不适用于此标准所列范围。

　　There are two versions of the "Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standards": GB13271-2001 and GB13271-2014. In 2008, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the National Development and Reform Commission, and the Energy Administration jointly issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Management of Environmental Impact Assessment for Biomass Power Projects (<Huan Fa [2008] No. 82>). Regarding the "landfill gas generator biogas power generation project", it is mentioned that "power generation boilers with a single output of 65t/h or less. Refer to the "Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standard" (GB13271-2001) for the maximum allowable emission concentration of air pollution from gas-fired boilers. ”Therefore, the environmental impact assessment of some biogas power generation projects adopts the standards mentioned in this document. To be precise, "reciprocating internal combustion engine generator sets" do not belong to power generation boilers, so implementing the "Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standards" is somewhat far fetched and contrary to the actual situation. Especially after the release of the new standard "Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standards" (GB13271-2014), the scope of application is clearly defined as follows: "Starting from July 1, 2014, for newly built boilers, this standard shall be implemented for in-service steam boilers below 10t/h and hot water boilers above 7MW, and for in-service steam boilers above 10t/h and hot water boilers below 7MW, respectively, from October 1, 2015 and July 1, 2016. The" Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standards "(GB13271-2001) shall be abolished from July 1, 2016", which further indicates that "reciprocating internal combustion engine generator sets" are not applicable to the scope listed in this standard.

　　二、关于《大气污染物综合排放标准》

　　2、 Regarding the Comprehensive Emission Standards for Air Pollutants

　　由于较为符合实际状况的《车用点燃式发动机及装用点燃式发动机汽车排放污染物排放限值及测量方法》和《中大功率沼气发电机组》均未对SO2的排放做出规定，因此，部分沼气发电项目环境影响评价中采用现行的《大气污染物综合排放标准》(GB16297-1996)来约束SO2的排放。标准明确：1997年1月1日起设立的（包括新建、扩建、改建）的SO2污染排放限值为960mg/m?(一级)与500mg/m?(二级)。

　　Due to the lack of regulations on SO2 emissions in the "Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Vehicles with Spark Ignition Engines and Vehicles Equipped with Spark Ignition Engines" and "Medium and High Power Biogas Generator Sets" that are more in line with actual conditions, some biogas power generation projects use the current "Comprehensive Emission Standards for Air Pollutants" (GB16297-1996) to constrain SO2 emissions in their environmental impact assessments. The standard is clear: the SO2 pollution emission limit established on January 1, 1997 (including new construction, expansion, and renovation) is 960mg/m? (Level 1) and 500mg/m? (Level 2).

　　三、关于《大功率沼气发电机组》(GB/T29488-2013)

　　3、 Regarding "High Power Biogas Generator Sets" (GB/T29488-2013)

　　《大功率沼气发电机组》(GB/T29488-2013)是由中国石油集团济柴动力总厂负责起草，国家质量监督检验检疫总局和标准化管理委员会发布实施的，适用于“额定频率为50Hz或60Hz，功率不小于250kW，以沼气（甲烷含量不低于30%）为主要燃料的往复式内燃机驱动的交流工频发电机组”。该标准规定“机组在额定工况时排出的NOx污染物排放限值为3.48g/kWh”，相近于《车用点燃式发动机及装用点燃式发动机汽车排放污染物排放限值及测量方法》，同前述相同，SO2的排放与气源有关，也无从规定。

　　The "High Power Biogas Generator Set" (GB/T29488-2013) was drafted by China Petroleum Group Jichai Power Plant and implemented by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and the Standardization Management Committee. It is applicable to "AC power frequency generator sets driven by reciprocating internal combustion engines with rated frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz, power not less than 250kW, and mainly fueled by biogas (methane content not less than 30%)". This standard stipulates that the emission limit of NOx pollutants emitted by the unit under rated operating conditions is 3.48g/kWh, which is similar to the "Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Vehicles with Spark Ignition Engines and Vehicles Equipped with Spark Ignition Engines". Similarly, the emission of SO2 is related to the gas source and cannot be regulated.

　　四、关于《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》

　　4、 Regarding the Emission Standards for Air Pollutants from Thermal Power Plants

　　环保部发布的《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB13223-2011)，规定了以气体为燃料的锅炉或燃气轮机组的SO2、NOx的排放限值。根据国家环保总局环函[2010]123号《关于生活垃圾填埋气体发电机组烟气排放执行标准问题的复函》：“《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB13223-2011)标准实施后，燃气轮机组污染排放应按标准的规定执行。目前国家尚未制定采用气体燃料的内燃机发电机组的排放标准，地方省级政府可根据法律规定制定地方排放标准。”而沼气发电机组普遍采用的是“往复式内燃机式发电机组”，也不适用于此标准所列范围。

　　The "Emission Standards for Air Pollutants from Thermal Power Plants" (GB13223-2011) issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection stipulate the emission limits for SO2 and NOx from boilers or gas turbine units that use gas as fuel. According to the reply of the State Environmental Protection Administration on the Implementation Standards for Flue Gas Emissions from Landfill Gas Generator Units (2010) No. 123, "After the implementation of the 'Emission Standards for Air Pollutants from Thermal Power Plants' (GB13223-2011) standard, the pollution emissions from gas turbine units should be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the standard. At present, the country has not yet formulated emission standards for internal combustion engine generator sets using gas fuels. Local and provincial governments may formulate local emission standards in accordance with legal provisions. ”The commonly used biogas generator set is a "reciprocating internal combustion engine generator set", which is not applicable to the scope listed in this standard.

　　五、关于《车用点燃式发动机及装用点燃式发动机汽车排放污染物排放限值及测量方法》

　　5、 Regarding the emission limits and measurement methods of pollutants from spark ignition engines and vehicles equipped with spark ignition engines

　　根据国家环保总局环函[2006]359号《关于内燃式瓦斯发电项目环境影响评价标准请示的复函》：“目前，我国还没有发电用内燃机大气污染排放标准，使用以煤层气（沼气）为燃料的内燃机发电建设项目，可根据建设项目环境影响评价文件审批时间，分别参照执行《车用点燃式发动机及装用点燃式发动机汽车排放污染物排放限值及测量方法》(GB14762-2002)第二阶段和《车用压燃式、气体燃料点燃式发动机与汽车排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ阶段)》(GB17691-2005)中的大气污染排放控制要求，进行环境影响评价”。本评价中NOx排放参照执行《车用压燃式、气体燃料点燃式发动机与汽车排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ阶段)》(GB17691-2005)中的大气污染排放中国Ⅳ、Ⅴ阶段(2010年、2012年起)的控制要求(NOx≤3.5g/kWh、NOx≤2.0g/kWh)。

　　According to the Reply to the Request for Environmental Impact Assessment Standards for Internal Combustion Gas Power Generation Projects (Huan Han [2006] No. 359) issued by the State Environmental Protection Administration, "Currently, there are no air pollution emission standards for internal combustion engines used in power generation in China. For internal combustion engine power generation construction projects using coalbed methane (biogas) as fuel, according to the approval time of the environmental impact assessment documents for construction projects, the air pollution emission control in the second phase of the" Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Vehicles with Spark Ignition Engines and Vehicles Equipped with Spark Ignition Engines "(GB14762-2002) and the" Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Vehicles with Compression Ignition and Gas Fuel Ignition Engines and Vehicle Exhaust Pollutants (China III, IV, V phases) "(GB17691-2005) can be followed respectively. Request to conduct an environmental impact assessment. The NOx emissions in this evaluation are subject to the control requirements of the Chinese Stage IV and V (2010, 2012 onwards) for air pollution emissions in accordance with the "Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Compression Ignition and Gas Fuel Ignition Engines and Automotive Exhaust Pollutants (China Stage III, IV, V)" (GB17691-2005) (NOx ≤ 3.5g/kWh, NOx ≤ 2.0g/kWh).

　　该标准适用范围符合项目实际采用的发动机类型。但对沼气发电项目来说，该标准规定了NOx的排放要求，SO2的排放与具体的沼气品质有关，在该标准中也无从规定。

　　The scope of application of this standard conforms to the actual engine types used in the project. But for biogas power generation projects, this standard specifies the emission requirements for NOx, and the emission of SO2 is related to the specific quality of biogas, which cannot be specified in this standard.

　　综上所述，采用燃气内燃机发电技术的沼气发电机组NOx排放标准可参照《车用点燃式发动机及装用点燃式发动机汽车排放污染物排放限值及测量方法》(GB14762-2002)第二阶段与《车用压燃式、气体燃料点燃式发动机与汽车排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ阶段)》(GB17691-2005)，或《大功率沼气发电机组》(GB/T29488-2013)执行；SO2排放标准可参照《大气污染物综合排放标准》(GB16297-1996)执行。

　　In summary, the NOx emission standards for biogas generator sets using gas internal combustion engine power generation technology can refer to the second stage of "Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Motor Vehicles with Spark Ignition Engines and Installed Spark Ignition Engines" (GB14762-2002) and "Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Motor Vehicles with Compression Ignition and Gas Fuel Ignition Engines and Exhaust Pollutants (China Stage III, IV, V)" (GB17691-2005), or "High Power Biogas Generator Sets" (GB/T29488-2013) for implementation; The SO2 emission standards can be implemented in accordance with the Comprehensive Emission Standards for Air Pollutants (GB16297-1996).

　　要解决沼气发电机组尾气排放执行标准的争议性问题，首先我们要明确沼气发电机组的工作原理？由于沼气发电项目兼具社会效益与经济效益，利用沼气发电机组发电并网，一般采用单机功率较小的往复式燃气内燃机组发电技术，通过沼气在气缸内燃烧，带动活塞运动，产生动力，再带动发电机运转发电。该技术具有如下特点：

　　To solve the controversial issue of implementing standards for exhaust emissions from biogas generators, we first need to clarify the working principle of biogas generators? Due to the dual social and economic benefits of biogas power generation projects, the use of biogas generator sets for grid connection generally adopts the technology of reciprocating gas internal combustion units with low single unit power. By burning biogas in the cylinder, the piston is driven to generate power, which then drives the generator to operate and generate electricity. This technology has the following characteristics:

　　①单位千瓦建站投资少，2500~3500元/kW；投资回报率高：45%~80%；运行成本低：0.1~0.12元/kWh。

　　① Low investment per kilowatt for station construction, ranging from 2500 to 3500 yuan/kW; high investment return rate: 45% to 80%; Low operating cost: 0.1~0.12 yuan/kWh.

　　②燃气内燃机机组配套设备简单，电站可移动性强。

　　② The supporting equipment for gas internal combustion engine units is simple, and the power station is highly mobile.

　　③机组单机功率范围：4kW~2000kW，可以单台工作，也可多台并网，建站灵活。

　　③ The power range of a single unit is 4kW~2000kW, and it can work as a single unit or be connected to the grid with multiple units, making station construction flexible.

　　④电站自耗电少，不超过发电量的2%。

　　④ The self consumption of the power station is low, not exceeding 2% of the generated electricity.

　　⑤燃气内燃及采用热电冷联供，机组热效率可达80%。

　　⑤ Gas internal combustion and the use of combined heat, power and cooling can achieve a thermal efficiency of up to 80% for the unit.

　　⑥对沼气气源条件要求较低。

　　⑥ The requirements for biogas source conditions are relatively low.

　　沼气发电机组污染物厂界排放及尾气排放执行什么标准

　　What standards are implemented for the discharge of pollutants at the factory boundary and exhaust emissions from biogas generators

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